To make a diode, bond an n-type material to a p-type material and put an electrode at each end. Where the two materials go together, electrons from the negative end fill ‘holes’ in the positively charged end, creating a ‘depletion zone’ which does not conduct electricity. When electricity is added, electrons flow across the depletion zone and the results creates light, this is how L.E.D. lights work.

LED lights are an greatly efficient, as they transfer approximately 90% of their energy into light as opposed to the 15% of a regular incandescent light bulb. As a result, LED lights give off a comparably tiny amount of energy as heat and so are much cooler, and safer to touch. Also, LED lights have no filament subject to being burnt out unlike regular bulbs making them almost maintenance free. Their life expectancy is, on average, 100,000 hours, not only is this significantly greater than that of their incandescent and fluorescent counterparts, but they also fade over time instead of suddenly blowing out.